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Natural Co-occurrence of Emerging and Minor Mycotoxins on Maize Grains from Abuja, Nigeria

Samuel Toba Anjorin, Stephen Fapohunda, Michael Sulyok, Rudolf Krska

Abstract


This study investigated the incidence of emerging, less investigated fungal metabolites in maize grains across the FCT Abuja, Nigeriausing Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC/MS-MS). For the first time, the presence of 19 emerging mycotoxins including beauvericin (BEAU), moniliformin (MON), nidurufin (NID), norsolorinic acid (NA), citrinin (CIT), macrosporin (MAC-A), sterigmatocystin (STER), macrosporin, alternariol methyl ether (AME) chanoclavine (CNV); agroclavine (AGV);  elymoclavine (ECV) and brevianamid (BVD-F) were confirmed to be present as contaminant in maize grains in all the six zones of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Up to 23 toxic non-regulated fungal metabolites were quantitated in a single sample, emphasising the great variety of mycotoxin co-exposure. Four out of these non-regulated metabolites which had incidence levels > 60% in maize were monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS)—60% in maize, emodin (EMOD)—93.3%, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)—60% in maize and equisetin (EQUI)—96.7% in maize. This report could form the basis for the production of a maize mycotoxin road map in the FCT, Abuja, Nigeria.

Keywords


LC-MS/MS, emerging mycotoxins, maize grains, minor mycotoxins, Abuja-Nigeria

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