Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder of unknown origin which is characterized by non- caseating epithelioid cell granulomas with giant cells mainly in the lung. The average incidence is worldwide 16 (male) and 19 (female) per 100,000 inhabitants. In some studies it was described that patients with sarcoidosis have a higher risk of malignancies, especially of lung cancer. The results differ in the available studies. The role of smoking can probably be neglected as far as the development of lung cancer is concerned, because the patients with sarcoidosis are mainly non smokers. Regarding all of the published clinical studies with totally 22,439 patients with sarcoidosis, a coexistence of sarcoidosis and lung cancer was detected only in 0.7 % of the patients. According to the published case reports, mostly squamous lung cell carcinoma was histologically found, followed by adenocarcinoma. These results indicate that the coexistence of sarcoidosis and lung cancer is very rare.
Full Text:
References
(1) Ji J, Shu X, Li X, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Hemminki K. Cancer risk in hospitalized sarcoidosis patients: a follow-up study in Sweden. Ann Oncol. 2009; 20: 1121-126.
(2) Milman N, Seloos O. Pulmonary sarcoidosis in the Nordic countries 1950-1982. Epidemiology and clinical picture. Sarcoidosis. 1990; 7: 50-7.
(3) London J, Grados A, Fermé C, Charmillon A, Maurier F, Deau B, et al. Sarcoidosis occurring after lymphoma: report of 14 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 Nov; 93(21): e121. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000121. Review. PMID: 25380084.
(4) Askling J, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Hillerdal G, Ekbom A. Increased risk for cancer following sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160: 1668–672.
(5) Brincker H. Coexistence of sarcoidosis and malignant disease: causality or coincidence? Sarcoidosis. 1989; 6: 31–43.
(6) Bonifazi M, Bravi F, Gasparini S, La Vecchia C, Gabrielli A, Wells AU, Renzoni EA. Sarcoidosis and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Chest. 2015 Mar;147(3):778-91. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-1475. Review. PMID: 25340385
(7) Chalasani P, Vohra M, Sheagren JN. An association of sarcoidosis with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Onco.l 2005; 1: 1714-1715.
(8) Cohen PR, Kurzrock R. Sarcoidosis and malignancy. Clin Dermatol. 2007; 25: 326-333.
(9) Ergin AB, Nasr CE. Thyroid cancer & sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2014 Oct 20;31(3):239-43. PMID: 25363225
(10) Arish N, Kuint R, Sapir E, Levy L, Abutbul A, Fridlender Z, et al. Characteristics of Sarcoidosis in Patients with Previous Malignancy: Causality or Coincidence? Respiration. 2017 Feb 24. doi: 10.1159/000455877. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 28231584
(11) Landgren O, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH, et al. Autoimmunity and susceptibility to Hodgkin lymphoma: A population-based case-control study in Scandinavia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006; 98: 1321-1330.
(12) Paparel P, Devonec M, Perrin P, Ruffion A, Decaussin-Petrucci M, Akin O, et al. Association between sarcoidosis and testicular carcinoma: a diagnostic pitfall. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2007; 24: 95-101.
(13) Reich JM. Neoplasia in the etiology of sarcoidosis. Eur J Intern Med. 2006; 17: 81-87.
(14) Romer FK. Sarcoidosis and cancer –a critical view. In 8th International Conference on Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases. Jones Williams W, Davies, BH (eds), p 201, Alpha Omega Publishing, Cardiff 1980.
(15) Adami HO, McLaughlin J, Ekbom A, Berne C, Silverman D, Hacker D, et al. Cancer risk in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cancer Causes Control. 1991; 2: 307–314.
(16) Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami OH. Increased risk of large-bowel cancer in Crohn’s disease with colonic involvement. Lancet. 1990; 336: 357–359.
(17) Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami OH. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer: a population-based study. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 1228–1233.
(18) Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Ekbom A, Klareskog L, Adami HO, Hacker DG, et al. Incidence of cancer among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993; 85: 307–311.
(19) Brincker H, Wilbek E. The incidence of malignant tumors in patients with respiratory sarcoidosis. Br J Cancer. 1974; 29: 247–251.
(20) Yamaguchi M, Odaka M, Hosoda Y, Iwai K, Tachibana T. Excess death of lung cancer among sarcoidosis patients. Sarcoidosis. 1991; 8: 51–55.
(21) Seersholm N, Vestbo J, Viskum K. Risk of malignant neoplasms in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Thorax. 1997; 52: 892–894.
(22) Romer FK, Hommelgaard P, Schou G. Sarcoidosis and cancer revisited: a long-term follow-up study of 555 Danish sarcoidosis patients. Eur Respir J. 1998; 12: 906–912.
(23) Le Jeune I, Gribbin J, West J, Smith C, Cullinan P, Hubbard R. The incidence of cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis in the UK. Respir Med. 2007; 101: 2534-2540.
(24) Boffetta P, Rabkin CS, Gridley G. A cohort study of cancer among sarcoidosis patients. Int J Cancer. 2009; 124: 2697-2700.
(25) Tatebe S, Oka K, Toda J, Watanabe M, Shinonaga M, Kuraoka S. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in association with sarcoidosis. Asian Cardiovas Thorac Ann. 2009; 17: 291-293.
(26) Yamasawa H, Ishii Y, Kitamura S. Concurrence of sarcoidosis and lung cancer. A report of four cases. Respiration. 2000; 67: 90-93.
(27) Bae SY, Jeon K, Koh WJ, Suh GY, Chung MP, Kim H, et al. Concurrent endobronchial carcinoid tumor and sarcoidosis. Intern Med. 2010; 49: 2609-2612.
(28) Lera Alvarez R, Inchaurraga Alvarez I, Fernandez Fabrellas E, Blanquer Olivas R. Association of carcinoid tumor and sarcoidosis. Arch Bronconeumol. 2012; 48: 469-471.
(29) Sakula A. Bronchial carcinoma and sarcoidosis. Br J Cancer. 1963; 17: 206–212.
(30) Kim JJ, Park JK, Wang YP, Choi SH, Jo KH. Lung cancer associated with sarcoidosis - A case report. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011; 44: 301-303.
(31) Turner-Warwick M, Lebowitz M, Burrows B, Johnson A. Crytogenic fibrosing alveolitis and lung cancer. Thorax. 1980; 35: 496-499.
(32) Battesti JP, Turiaf J, Hincky JM, Dournovo P. Lcocal-regional sarcoid reaction. Sarcoidosis and malignant tumors. Nouv Presse Med. 1977; 6: 1213-1215.
(33) Pavic M, Debourdeau P, Vacelet V, Rousset H. Sarcoidosis and sarcoid reactions in cancer. Rev Med Interne. 2008; 29: 39-45.
(34) Laurberg P. Sarcoid reactions in pulmonary neoplasms. Scand J Respir Dis. 1975; 56: 20-27.
(35) Kamiyoshihara M, Hirai T, Kawashima O, Ishikawa S, Morishita Y. Sarcoid reactions in primary pulmonary carcinoma: report of seven cases. Oncol Rep. 1998; 5: 177-180.
(36) Tomimaru Y, Higashiyama M, Okami J, Oda K, Takami K, Kodama K, et al. Surgical results of lung cancer with sarcoid reaction in regional lymph nodes. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2007; 37: 90-95.
(37) Kashiwabara K, Toyonaga M, Yamaguchi Y, Nakamura H, Hirayama S, Kurano R. Sarcoid reaction in primary tumor of bronchogenic large cell carcinoma accompanied with massive necrosis. Int Med. 2001; 40: 127-130.
(38) Trisolini R, Cancellieri A, Patelli M. May sarcoidal reaction and malignant features coeexist in regional lymph nodes of non-small cell lung cancer patients? Lung Cancer. 2009; 66: 272-273.
(39) Steinfort DP, Tsui A, Grieve J, Hibbs ML, Anderson GP, Irving LB. Sarcoidal reactions in regional lymph nodes of patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer predict improved disease-free survival: a pilot case-control study. Hum Pathol. 2012; 43: 333-338.
(40) O'Connell MJ, Schimpff SC, Kirschner RH, Abt AB, Wiernik PH. Epithelioid granulomas in Hodgkin disease. A favorable prognostic sign? JAMA. 1975; 233: 886-889.
(41) Sacks EL, Donaldson SS, Gordon J, Dorfman RF. Epithelioid granulomas associated with Hodgkin’s disease: clinical correlations in 55 previously untreated patients. Cancer. 1978; 41: 562-567.
(42) Archontogeorgis K, Steiropoulos P, Tzouvelekis A, Nena E, Bouros D. Lung cancer and interstitial lung diseases: a systematic review. Pulm Med. 2012; 2012: 315918.
(43) Schweisfurth H, Kieslich C, Satake N, Loddenkemper R, Schönfeld N, Mäder I, et al. How are interstitial lung diseases diagnosed in Germany? Results of the scientific registry for the exploration of interstitial lung diseases ("Fibrosis registry") of the WATL. Pneumologie. 2003; 57: 373-382.
(44) Valeyre D, Soler P, Clerici C, Pré J, Battesti JP, Georges R, et al. Smoking and pulmonary sarcoidosis: effect of cigarette smoking on prevalence, clinical manifestations, alveolitis, and evolution of the disease. Thorax. 1988; 43: 516-524.
(45) Bouros D, Hatzakis K, Labrakis H, Zeibecoglou K. Association of malignancy with diseases causing interstitial pulmonary changes. Chest. 2002; 121: 1278–1289.
(46) Schweisfurth H. Review article: Coexistence of sarcoidosis and lung cancer. Global J Pathol Microbiol. 2013; 1: 12-16
(47) Reich JM, Mullooly JP, Johnson RE. Linkage analysis of malignancy-associated sarcoidosis. Chest. 1995; 107: 605-613.
(48) Jefferson M, Smith WT, Taylor AB, Valteris K. A report of two cases of sarcoidosis with bronchial carcinoma. Thorax. 1954; 9: 291–298.
(49) Goodbody RA, Taylor AJ. Sarcoidosis and bronchial carcinoma: description of a case. Tubercle. 1957; 38: 419-421.
(50) Ellman P, Hanson A. The co-existence of bronchial carcinoma and sarcoidosis. Br J Tuberc Dis Chest. 1958; 52: 218–221.
(51) Sarkar TK. Anaplastic carcinoma of the lung and sarcoidosis. Br J Clin Pract. 1970; 24: 297–299.
(52) Shoenfeld Y, Avidor E, Eldar M, Vidne B, Levy M, Pinkhas J. Squamous cell carcinoma associated with sarcoidosis in the lung. Oncology. 1978; 35: 112–113.
(53) Kuhara H, Wakabayashi T, Kishimoto H, Ichimura K, Torii Y, Yamamoto M. Lung cancer and chronic interstitial pneumonia associated with systemic sarcoidosis. Acta Pathol Jpn. 1985; 35: 199-211.
(54) Noone PG, O’Briain DS, Luke D, Clancy L. Adenocarcinoma of the lung in association with chronic sarcoidosis. Ir Med J. 1993; 86: 27–28.
(55) Sato Y, Sasano S, Oyama K, Sakuraba M, Onuki T, Nitta S. Lung cancer associated with sarcoidosis. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003; 51: 21-24.
(56) Song JS, Lee S, Kim YH, Jang SJ. Sarcoidosis associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung – A case report. Korean J Pathol. 2008; 42: 108-112.
(57) McNeill M, Zanders TB, Morris MJ. A 49-year-old man with concurrent diagnoses of lung cancer, sarcoidosis, and multiple regions of adenopathy on positron emission tomography. Chest. 2009; 135: 546-549.
(58) Tokuyasu H, Izumi H, Mukai N, Takeda K, Sakaguchi Y, Isowa N, Shimizu E. Small cell lung cancer complicated by pulmonary sarcoidosis. Intern Med. 2010; 49: 1997-2001.
(59) Mimura K, Mochizuki Y, Nakahara Y, Kawamura T, Sasaki S, Katsuda R. A case of primary lung cancer with swollen mediastinal lymph nodes due to pre-existing sarcoidosis. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2011; 49: 208-213.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.