Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences

Login
Select Language
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Give a gift subscription
Article Tools
Print this article
Indexing metadata
How to cite item
Finding References
Review policy
Email this article (Login required)
Email the author(Login required)
Post a Comment (Login required)

Current Pharmacotherapy for Preschool Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Xiaofeng Liu, Hanlin Xiao, Feng Xie, Xuanfang Zheng, Yasong Du, Yanke Huang, Hong Lin | Vol 08 | Issue 02 | Pp:14-21

Abstract


Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, which are often obvious in preschool age. Sustained damage will continue into through school years and even adulthood with untreated preschoolers with ADHD, causing severe financial burden on the whole family and society. The available treatment of ADHD include non-drug therapy and drug therapy, and each works on ADHD, however, not all parents can afford to pay or prefer them. Drug therapy for preschoolers with ADHD have been widely operated worldwide, it significantly improves the symptoms of preschool children with ADHD, however, there are some side effects (mainly methylphenidate) that need to be closely monitored. In this review, we will discuss the research progress of drugs on preschoolers with ADHD in terms of safety and efficacy, providing a basis for further study of the treatment of preschoolers with ADHD.

Keywords


attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug treatment, preschool children, research progress

Full Text:

References


Lavigne JV, Lebailly SA, Hopkins J, Gouze KR, Binns HJ. The prevalence of ADHD, odd, depression, and anxiety in a community sample of 4-year-olds. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2009;38:315–328.

Lavigne JV, Gibbons RD, Christoffel KK, Arend R, Rosenbaum D, Binns H. Prevalence rates and correlates of psychiatric disorders among preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.1996;35:204–214.

Angold A, Erkanli A, Egger HL, Costello EJ. Stimulant treatment for children: A community perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:975–984; discussion 984–994.

Keenan K, Wakschlag LS. More than the terrible twos: The nature and severity of behavior problems in clinic-referred preschool children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2000;28:33–46.

Egger HL, Angold A. Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology.J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47:313–337.

McDonnell MA, Glod C. Prevalence of psychopathology in preschool-age children. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2003;16:141–152.

May DE, Kratochvil CJ. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder:recent advances in paediatric pharmacotherapy. Drugs.2010;70:15–40.

Angold A, Egger HL. Preschool psychopathology: Lessons for the lifespan. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48:961–966.

Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Loney J, Kipp H, Ehrhardt A, Lee SS. Three-year predictive validity of DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children diagnosed at 4–6 years of age. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:2014–2020.

Baker BL, Neece CL, Fenning RM, Crnic KA, Blacher J. Mental disorders in five-year-old children with or without developmental delay: Focus on ADHD. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010;39:492–505.

Chung J, Tchaconas A, Meryash D, Adesman A. Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preschool-age children: Child and adolescent psychiatrists’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.2016;26:335–343.

Laforett DR, Murray DW, Kollins SH. Psychosocial treatments for preschool-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008;14:300–310.

Greenhill L, Kollins S, Abikoff H, McCracken J, Riddle M, Swanson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of immediate-release methylphenidate treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45:1284–1293.

Dreyer AS, O’Laughlin L, Moore J, Milam Z. Parental adherence to clinical recommendations in an ADHD evaluation clinic. J Clin Psychol. 2010;66:1101–1120.

Gleason MM, Egger HL, Emslie GJ, Greenhill LL, Kowatch RA, Lieberman AF, et al. Psychopharmacological treatment for very young children: Contexts and guidelines. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:1532–1572.

Shelton TL, Barkley RA, Crosswait C, Moorehouse M, Fletcher K, Barrett S, et al. Multimethod psychoeducational intervention for preschool children with disruptive behavior: Two year post-treatment follow-up. J Abnorm Child Psychol.2000;28:253–266.

Pelsser LM, Frankena K, Toorman J, Savelkoul HF, Dubois AE, Pereira RR, et al. Effects of a restricted elimination diet on the behaviour of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (inca study): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet.2011;377:494–503.

Ghuman JK. Restricted elimination diet for ADHD: The in case study. Lancet. 2011;377:446–448.

Sonuga-Barke EJ, Brandeis D, Cortese S, Daley D, Ferrin M, Holtmann M, et al. Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:275–289.

Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Stoner JA, Daughton JM, Lubberstedt BD, Murray DW, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atomoxetine in young children with ADHD. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e862–e868.

Kohn MR, Tsang TW, Clarke SD. Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Med Insights Pediatr. 2012;6:95–162.

Wolraich M, Brown L, Brown RT, DuPaul G, Earls M, Feldman HM, et al. ADHD: Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;128:1007–1022.

Hart KC, Ros R, Gonzalez V, Graziano PA. Parent perceptions of medication treatment for preschool children with ADHD. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2018;49:155–162.

Abikoff HB, Vitiello B, Riddle MA, Cunningham C, Greenhill LL, Swanson JM, et al. Methylphenidate effects on functional outcomes in the preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment study (PATS). J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17:581–592.

Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S, Gardner JF, Boles M, Lynch F. Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers.JAMA. 2000;283:1025–1030.

Pliszka S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:894–921.

Bourgeois FT, Kim JM, Mandl KD. Premarket safety and efficacy studies for ADHD medications in children. PLoS One.2014;9:e102249.

Sonnack M, Brenneman A. Treatment strategies for ADHD in preschool and school-age children. JAAPA. 2014;27:22–26.

Handen BL, Feldman HM, Lurier A, Murray PJ. Efficacy of methylphenidate among preschool children with developmental disabilities and ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:805–812.

Vitiello B, Abikoff HB, Chuang SZ, Kollins SH, McCracken JT, Riddle MA, et al. Effectiveness of methylphenidate in the 10-month continuation phase of the preschoolers with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder treatment study (PATS). J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17:593–604.

Wigal T, Greenhill L, Chuang S, McGough J, Vitiello B, Skrobala A, et al. Safety and tolerability of methylphenidate in preschool children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45:1294–1303.

Ghuman JK, Riddle MA, Vitiello B, Greenhill LL, Chuang SZ, Wigal SB, et al. Comorbidity moderates response to methylphenidate in the preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment study (PATS). J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.2007;17:563–580.

Wigal SB, Gupta S, Greenhill L, Posner K, Lerner M, Steinhoff K, et al. Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17:153–164.

Greenhill LL, Swanson JM, Vitiello B, Davies M, Clevenger W, Wu M, et al. Impairment and deportment responses to different methylphenidate doses in children with ADHD: The MTA titration trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:180–187.

Ghuman JK, Byreddy S, Ghuman HS. Methylphenidate transdermal system in preschool children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21:495–498.

Ghuman JK, Aman MG, Lecavalier L, Riddle MA, Gelenberg A, Wright R, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study of methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschoolers with developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19:329–339.

Swanson J, Greenhill L, Wigal T, Kollins S, Stehli A, Davies M, et al. Stimulant-related reductions of growth rates in the PATS. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45:1304–1313.

Barkley RA. The effects of methylphenidate on the interactions of preschool adhd children with their mothers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1988;27:336–341.

Ghuman JK, Ginsburg GS, Subramaniam G, Ghuman HS, Kau ASM, Riddle MA. Psychostimulants in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Clinical evidence from a developmental disorders institution. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:516–524.

Chouinard G, Annable L, Bradwejn J. An early phase II clinical trial of tomoxetine (ly139603) in the treatment of newly admitted depressed patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl).1984;83:126–128.

Zerbe RL, Rowe H, Enas GG, Wong D, Farid N, Lemberger L. Clinical pharmacology of tomoxetine, a potential antidepressant. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985;232:139–143.

Upadhyaya H, Kratochvil C, Ghuman J, Camporeale A, Lipsius S, D’Souza D, et al. Efficacy and safety extrapolation analyses for atomoxetine in young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:799–809.

Ghuman JK, Aman MG, Ghuman HS, Reichenbacher T, Gelenberg A, Wright W, et al. Prospective, naturalistic, pilot study of open-label atomoxetine treatment in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19:155–166.

Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Mayfield-Jorgensen ML, March JS, Kollins SH, Murray DW, et al. A pilot study of atomoxetine in young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17:175–185.

Rosch KS, Crocetti D, Hirabayashi K, Denckla MB, Mostofsky SH, Mahone EM. Reduced subcortical volumes among preschool-age girls and boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Res. 2018;271:67–74.

Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Stein MA, Loney J, Trapani C, Nugent K, et al. Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for younger children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37:695–702.

Kaplan A, Adesman A. Clinical diagnosis and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children.Curr Opin Pediatr. 2011;23:684–692.

Ghuman JK, Arnold LE, Anthony BJ. Psychopharmacological and other treatments in preschool children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder: Current evidence and practice. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18:413–447.

Dulcan MK, Benson RS. Aacap official action. Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:1311–1317.

van Brunt DL, Johnston JA, Ye W, Pohl GM, Sun PJ, Sterling KL, et al. Predictors of selecting atomoxetine therapy for children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25:1541–1549.

Wang Y, Zheng Y, Du Y, Song DH, Shin YJ, Cho SC, et al. Atomoxetine versus methylphenidate in paediatric outpatients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind comparison trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007;41:222–230.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.