Phytotherapy: A Novel Approach for Treating Periodontal Disease

Navnita Singh; S. Savita; K. Rithesh; Shilpa Shivanand

Phytotherapy: A Novel Approach for Treating Periodontal Disease

Navnita Singh, S. Savita, K. Rithesh, Shilpa Shivanand

Abstract

Over the years, periodontal therapy has been influenced by the trends of the times, and consequently treatment approaches have been modified. Our understanding of the etiology and diagnosis of the periodontal diseases is continuously evolving. Periodontitis caused by various microorganisms is often treated with common antibiotics. But antibiotic resistance is a growing problem. Thus, the global need for an alternative prevention and treatment options arises which is safe, effective and economical. So, researchers are in pursuit for new therapeutic agents from natural sources. There is a long and venerable history of the use of plants to improve dental health and promote oral hygiene. Plants contain phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, essential oils and flavonoids which have pronounced antimicrobial activity. Because of its good antimicrobial activity and safety profile, it proves its use in the treatment of periodontal diseases. This suggests a potentially valuable role for phytotherapy in assisting with the management of this serious disease. The evidence and research which supports such a role for plants (or plant products) are reviewed in this study.

Keywords

periodontitis, antibiotic resistance, plant extracts

Full Text:

References

Praveen NC, Rajesh A, Madan M, Chaurasia VR, Hiremath NV, Sharma AM. Antibacterial efficacy of pineapple extract on periodontal pathogens. J Int Oral Health. 2014;6(5):96–98.

Palombo EA. Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009;10:1–15.

http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/june/phytotherapy.htm

Moeintaghavi A. Berberine gel in periodontal inflammation: clinical and histological effects. J Periodontol Implant Dent.2012;4(1):7–11.

Cohan RP, Jacobsen PL. Herbal supplements: considerations in dental practice. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2000;28:600–610.

Kerry B. Phytotherapy for periodontal disease and improved oral hygiene. Phytother Rev Comm. 2005;54:1–5.

Kaweckyj N. Eastern medicine meets dentistry: the use of herbal supplements in dentistry today. American Dental Assistants Association; 2006. p. 19.

Kelly K. History of Medicine. New York: Facts on file; 2009.pp. 29–50.

Tucakov J. Healing with plants: phytotherapy. Beograd: Culture;1971. pp. 180–190.

Glesinger L. Medicine through centuries. Zagreb: Zora; 1954.pp. 21–38.

Bojadzievski P. The health services in Bitola through the centuries. Bitola: Society of Science and Art; 1992. pp. 15–27.

Gorunovic M, Lukic P. Pharmacognosy. Beograd: Gorunovic M; 2001. pp. 1–5.

Pelagic V. Pelagic folk teacher. Beograd: Freedom; 1970. pp. 500–502.

Katic R. La medicine en Serbie au moyen age. Beograd: Scientific work; 1958. pp. 7–36.

Bazala V. The historical development of medicine in the Croatian lands. Zagreb: Croation publishing bibliographic institute; 1943.pp. 9–20.

Nikolovski B. Essays on the history of health culture in Macedonia. Skopje: Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association; 1995.pp. 17–27.

Tucakov J. Pharmacognosy. Beograd: Academic books; 1948.pp. 8–21.

Botelho MA, Filho JGB, Correa LL, Fonseca SG, Montenegro D,Gapski R, et al. Effect of novel essential mouth rinse without alchohol on gingivitis: a double blinded randomized controlled trial. J Appl Oral Sci. 2007;15:175–180.

Kalemba D, Kunicka A. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Curr Med Chem. 2000;10(10):813–829.

Labrecque J, Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Effects of a high-molecular-weight cranberry fraction on growth, biofilm formation and adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:439–443.

Yamanaka A, Kimizuka R, Kato T, Okuda K. Inhibitory effects of cranberry juice on attachment of oral streptococci and biofilm formation. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2004;19(3):150–154.

Yamanaka A, Kouchi T, Kasai K, Kato T, Ishihara K, Okuda K. Inhibitory effect of cranberry polyphenol on biofilm formation and cysteine proteases of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodont Res. 2007;42:589–592.

Fleming TF. Periodontitis. Ann Periodontal. 1999;4:32–37.

Pramod K, Shahid AH, Javed A. Herbal remedies for the treatment of periodontal disease - a patent review. Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation. 2009;3(1):221–228.

Slots J, Chen C. The oral micro flora and human periodontal disease. In: Tannock GW, (ed.): Medical Importance of the Normal Microflora. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1999.pp. 101–127.

Neelufar SS, Prasanna KR, Thamizhvanan K. Anti microbial evaluation of polyherbal extract in the treatment of periodontitis. Int J Phytother. 2014;4(1):27–31.

Gaetti-Jardim E, Landucci LF, Arafat OKK, Ranieri RV, Ramos MMB, Ciesielski FIN, et al. Antimicrobial activity of six plant extracts from the Brazilian Savanna on periodontal pathogens. Int J Odontostomat. 2011;5(3):249–256.

Bhat G, Kudva P, Dodwad V. Aloe vera: nature’s soothing healer to periodontal disease. J Ind Soc Periodontol. 2011;15(3):205–209.

Grindlay D, Reynolds T. The aloe vera phenomenon: a review of the properties and modern uses of leaf parenchyma gel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16:117–151.

Mandeville FB. Aloe vera in the treatment of radiation ulcers of mucous menbranes. Radiology. 1939;32:598–599.

Poor MR, Hall JE, Poor AS. Reduction in the incidence of alveolar osteitis in patients treated with the salicept patch containing Acemannan hydrogel. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:374–379.

Sudworth R. The use of aloe vera in dentistry. Philadelphia: Positive Health Publications Ltd; 2002.

Hahn G. Garlic: the science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species, 2nd ed. In: Koch HP, Lawson LD, (eds.): History, folk medicine and legendary uses of garlic. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1996. pp. 1–24.

Yilmaz HH, Gormez O, Hastar E, Yildirim D, Aksoy MC. Garlic burn in a patient with trigeminal neuralgia: a case report. Eur J Dent. 2010;4(1):88–90.

Lawson LD. Garlic: the science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species, 2nd ed. In: HP Koch, LD Lawson, (eds): The composition and chemistry of garlic cloves and processed garlic. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1996. pp. 38–39.

Darout IA, Albandar JM, Skaug N. Periodontal status of adult Sudanese habitual users of miswak chewing sticks or toothbrushes. Acta Odontol Scand. 2000;58(1):25–30.

Eid MA, Selim HA, al-Shammery AR. The relationship between chewing sticks (Miswak) and periodontal health 3, relationship to gingival recession. Quintessence Int. 1991;22(1):61–64.

Cinco M, Banfi E, Tubaro A. A microbiological survey on the activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of chamomile. Int J Drug Res. 1983;21:145–151.

Aggag ME, Yousef RT. Study of antimicrobial activity of chamomile oil. Planta Med. 1972;22:140–144.

Isaac O. Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile I. On the pharmacology of (-)-? bisabolol and bisabolol oxides (review). Planta Med. 1979;35:118–124.

Isaac O, Thiemer K. Biochemical studies on chamomile components/ III: in vitro studies about the antipeptic activity of (-)-alpha-bisabolol. Arzneimittelforschung. 1975;25:1352–1354.

Pereira SL, de Oliveira JW, Angelo KK, da Costa AM, Costa F. Clinical effect of a mouth rinse containing Ocimum gratissimum on plaque and gingivitis control. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011;12:350–355.

Gupta GD, Gaud RS. Anti-inflammatory activity of Tenoxicam gel on carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2006;68:356–359.

Rajesh RH, Sudarshan NR, Rejeesh E, Jobin J, Narayana CR, Moidin S, Shashidhara R. Evaluation of the efficacy of 2% Ocimum sanctum gel in the treatment of experimental periodontitis. Int J Pharm Investig. 2015;5(1):35–42.

Chou CC, Lin LL, Chung KT. Antimicrobial activity of tea as affected by the degree of fermentation and manufacturing season. Int J Food Microbiol. 1999;48:125–130.

Yam TS, Shah S, Hamilton-Miller JM. Microbiological activity of whole and fractionated crude extracts of tea (Camellia sinensis) and of tea components. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1997;152(11): 169–174.

Melcher AH. On the repair potential of periodontal tissues. J Periodontol. 1976;47:256–270.

Rhyu IC, Lee YM, Ku Y, Bae KW, Chung CP. The biologic effects of safflower extract and Dipsasi radix extract on periodontal ligament cells and osteoblastic cells. J Korean Acad Periodontol.1997;27:867–882.

Monika B, Jaya D, Dhan PT. Safflower seed extract in the treatment of human periodontal osseous defects. JIDA J Indian Dent Assoc. 2014;8(2):8–17.

Huh JS, Kang JH, Yoo YJ, Kim CS, Cho KS, Choi SH. The effect of safflower seed human periodontal ligament fibroblast and MC3T3-E1 cell in vitro. J Korean Acad Periodontol. 2001;31:833–846.

Jang HO, Eom HS, Roh SB, Yue I. Effect of extracts from safflower seeds on osteoblastic differentiation and intracellular free calcium concentration in MC3T3-E1 cells. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;9:55–62.

Monagas M, Gomez-Cordoves C, Bartolome B, Laureano O, Ricardo da Silva JM. Monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric flavan-3-ol composition of wines and grapes from Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Graciano, Tempranillo, and Cabernet Sauvignon. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:6475–6481.

Ross JA, Kasum CM. Dietary flavonoids: bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety. Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22:19–34.

Pataki T, Bak I, Kovacs P, Bagchi D, Das DK, Tosaki A. Grape seed proanthocyanidins improved cardiac recovery during reperfusion after ischemia in isolated rat hearts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:894–899.

Melhus H, Michaelsson K, Holmberg L, Wolk A, Ljunghall S. Smoking, antioxidant vitamins, and the risk of hip fracture.J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14:129–135.

Vasange M, Liu B, Welch CJ, Rolfsen W, Bohlin L. The flavonoid constituents of two Polypodium species (Calaguala) and their effect on the elastase release in human neutrophils. Planta Med.1997;63:511–517.

Holliday LS, Welgus HG, Fliszar CJ, Veith GM, Jeffrey JJ, Gluck SL.Initiation of osteoclast bone resorption by interstitial collagenase.J Biol Chem. 1997;272:22053–22058.

Pavan R, Jain S, Shraddha, Kumar A. Properties and therapeutic application of bromelain: a review. Biotechnol Res Int.2012;2012:976203.

Cohen RP, Jaconson PL. Herbal supplements: considerations in dental practice. J California Den Assoc. 2000;28:600–601.

Jagan NR, Subhash KR, Sandeep KK. Role of phytotherapy in gingivitis. Int J Pharmacol. 2000;8(1):1–5.

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences